Docker Certification in Ahmedabad
15 September 2023

Get Your Docker Certification Demystified For Container Mastery

Do you want to get your Docker certification to get an industry-recognised credential? To get recognition, you must pass the Docker Certified Associate (DCA) exam. It’s time to start with a specific course to improve your docker skills. Courses for Docker Certification in Ahmedabad are available at competitive prices; along with professionals guide the candidates. Let’s know more about the certification course.

What You Will Achieve with the Certification Course?

  • Digital certificate and Docker Certified Associate logo.
  • Recognition of Docker skills with official Docker credentials.
  • Accessthe Docker Certified professional network.

While preparing for your Docker certification exam, you have to cover major concepts related to Docker skills to become a proficient developer, application architect,and system administrator. Here are the concepts you will cover;

Running Containerised Applications

You will learn to run containerised appsfrom pre-existing images. This concept will help you to improve your programming and development skills by enabling you to spin up dev environments. There are centres for DevOps Online Training Ahmedabad where you can learn this concept.

Deploying Images in the Cluster

Another major concept where you can learnto achieve continuous delivery is by deploying images in the cluster in the form of containers.

Installation and Maintenance of Docker platform

This concept will provide you with a clear insight into the Docker platform. Here, you will learn to install and operate the platform. Moreover, you will also get an idea of its maintenance and upgrades. It will provide you with an insight into the internals of Docker.

Configuration and Troubleshooting

In this concept, you will learn to configure and troubleshoot the Docker engine. There are prominent Cloud Computing Certifications Ahmedabad that also offer Docker certification courses, where all these concepts are covered. When you dive deep into the core topics of configuration and troubleshooting, you will cover topics such as Orchestration, Installation and Configuration, Storage and Volumes, Image Creation, Management, and RegistrySecurity and Networking.

Other Concepts of Container Mastery

There are also other concepts to cover in your docker platform, such as understanding triage issue reports from the stakeholders and resolving them. Knowledge of new Docker environments and performing general maintenance. Also, you will learn to migrate traditional applications to containers. This concept will help to migrateyour existing apps as Docker containerised apps. You can consult Ansible Training Ahmedabad to learn about the Docker certification.

These are the major concepts covered in Docker certification courses. To know more about the course, DCA exam, and concepts, get in touch with HighSkyIT Solution.



Linux Certification Ahmedabad
19 July 2023

Continuing Education with Red Hat Staying Ahead in Open Source Technologies

In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, staying ahead in open-source technologies is essential for professionals seeking to excel in the field. With the vast popularity and significance of Linux administration and Red Hat technologies, it becomes crucial to equip oneself with the necessary skills and knowledge. If you are based in Ahmedabad, India, you’re in luck. A leading training provider offers top-notch Red Hat Training Course & Certification Ahmedabad designed to enhance your proficiency and open doors to exciting career opportunities.

Some features of Linux Administration with Online Classes in Ahmedabad

  • Comprehensive Curriculum:

This course provides a comprehensive curriculum that covers all aspects of managing and maintaining Linux-based systems. From basic concepts to advanced topics, you’ll gain a deep understanding of Linux architecture, command-line operations, user management, file systems, networking, security, and more. The curriculum is designed to equip you with the skills to handle real-world scenarios in Linux environments.

  • Flexibility and Convenience:

One of the primary advantages of online classes is the flexibility they offer. Whether you’re a working professional or a student, you can access the course materials and lectures at a time that suits you best. Companies like Highsky IT Solutions allow you to balance your learning with other commitments, making it convenient for individuals with busy schedules.

  • Interactive Learning Experience:

Engaging and interactive learning experiences are essential for effective comprehension and skill development. Through virtual labs, practical exercises, quizzes, and discussion forums, you’ll have hands-on opportunities to apply your knowledge, collaborate with peers, and seek guidance from experienced instructors.

  • Experienced Instructors:

To ensure a high-quality learning experience, Linux Administration Online Classes Ahmedabad are led by experienced instructors with extensive knowledge in the field. These instructors bring real-world expertise and industry insights to the virtual classroom, providing practical examples and guidance throughout the course.

  • Certification Opportunities:

Completing Linux Administration Online Classes may allow you to earn industry-recognized certifications. Choosing classes that align with recognized certification programs is essential to maximize the value of your learning journey.

Enhance Your Linux Expertise with RHCE, RHCSA, and Red Hat Training in Ahmedabad

In Ahmedabad, you can broaden your Linux administration skills through RHCE and RHCSA classes. These comprehensive programs offer a range of features to help you excel in Linux-based environments. RHCE RHCSA Classes in Ahmedabad provide in-depth knowledge and practical skills required to design, deploy, and manage Red Hat solutions effectively. Linux Training in Ahmedabad covers various topics such as system administration, network configuration, and security management. These institutions validate your expertise, enhancing your professional credibility. By enrolling in these programs, you can acquire valuable knowledge, hands-on experience, and potential career advancement opportunities in Linux administration.

Conclusion:

In a rapidly changing digital landscape, continuous education is vital for professionals seeking to stay ahead. Many offer a diverse range of online classes and training programs tailored to meet the demands of open-source technologies. By enrolling in Linux administration, Red Hat training, and certification courses, you can enhance your skill set and gain a competitive edge. Visit the highskyit.com website for more information and start your educational journey toward success.



05 July 2023

What Is OwnCloud & How To Install In Ubuntu 20.04

What Is OwnCloud?

Individuals and organizations can securely store, access, and share their files and documents using the self-hosted file synchronization and sharing platform known as OwnCloud. In contrast to cloud storage services like Dropbox, Google Drive, or OneDrive, it offers customers complete control over their data, serving as an alternative.

With OwnCloud, you may construct a private cloud storage solution on your own server or by using a hosting company. It offers capabilities like file synchronization between several devices, file sharing, group document editing, and data backup. The platform provides clients for many operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS, enabling smooth file access from numerous devices.

One of OwnCloud’s main benefits is that you can store your data on your own servers or those of a reputable hosting company, guaranteeing that you will always have ownership and control over your files. Additionally, it offers options for encryption to increase security during file transfers and storage.

OwnCloud provides a number of extensions and plugins to enhance its functionality in addition to the essential file synchronization and sharing features. Task management, music streaming, calendar and contact synchronization, and interaction with other services like Microsoft Office Online or Collabora Online for group editing are a few of them.

Overall, OwnCloud offers a versatile and adaptable cloud storage option that enables people and organizations to manage their files, share information, and collaborate while still having complete control over their data.

How To Install OwnCloud In Ubuntu 20.04?

1 System Packages Update:-

Use the apt command below to update the system packages and repositories before you begin.

# apt update -y && apt upgrade -y

2 Install  Apache, MariaDB, And PHP Packages:-

How to install MariaDB and use MariaDB redhat

( 1 ) Apache:-  Apache Server is a free and open-source web server software that allows websites to be hosted on the Internet. An Apache server is a software program that is based on one computer and provides access to devices and websites on that computer to other computers on the Internet.

( 2 ) MariaDB:- Similar to MySQL, MariaDB is made to use tables, columns, and rows to store and manage structured data. It provides several programming interfaces and connectors for various computer languages, as well as SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and modifying data.

( 3 ) PHP:- PHP is used to create OwnCloud, which is normally accessed through a web interface. To serve Owncloud files, as well as PHP  and other PHP modules required for OwnCloud to run efficiently, we will install the Apache webserver for this reason.

# apt install -y \
  apache2 libapache2-mod-php \
  mariadb-server openssl redis-server wget php-imagick \
  php-common php-curl php-gd php-gmp php-bcmath php-imap \
  php-intl php-json php-mbstring php-mysql php-ssh2 php-xml \
  php-zip php-apcu php-redis php-ldap php-phpseclib

3 By using the dpkg command after the installation is finished, you can check to see if Apache was installed:- 

# dpkg -l apache2

4 Run the commands to launch Apache and allow it to start automatically:-

( 1 ) Start:- Start Apache2 Service

# systemctl start apache2

( 2 ) Enable:- Use of this command  ” enable ”  automatically boot time. start Apache2 service

# systemctl enable apache2

( 3 ) Status:- Check service running

5 Check if PHP is installed. And version:-

# php -v

6 MariaDB Secure installation:-

MariaDB, just like MySQL is the default. secure Therefore, you must take another step and run the mysql_secure_installation script.

You are guided through a series of prompts by the Running command. You will need to create a root password first. The default root user unix socket authentication in MariaDB is insufficiently secure.

So, decline from using the Unix socket authentication by pressing  ” n ” and hitting

# mysql_secure_installation

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we’ll need the current
password for the root user. If you’ve just installed MariaDB, and
you haven’t set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none): [Press Enter]

OK, successfully used password, moving on…

Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.

Set root password? [Y/n]  [ Press Y ]

New password:                  [ redhat@123 ]
Re-enter new password:   [ redhat@123 ]
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
… Success!

By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] [ press Y ]

… Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from ‘localhost’. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] [ Press Y ]

… Success!

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named ‘test’ that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] [ Press Y ]

– Dropping test database…
… Success!
– Removing privileges on test database…
… Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] [Press Y ]

… Success!

Cleaning up…

All done! If you’ve completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!

7 Create MariaDB Database:-

To store files both during and after installation, we must build a database for Owncloud. Therefore, log into MariaDB.

mysql -u root -p

Enter password: redhat@123

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE highsky_db;
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL ON highsky_db.* TO 'harry'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'redhat@123';
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
MariaDB [(none)]> EXIT

8 Download OwnCloud:-

wget https://download.owncloud.com/server/stable/owncloud-complete-latest.tar.bz2

9 Extract Directory:-

# tar -xjf owncloud-complete-latest.tar.bz2
# ls

10 Set Then permissions:-

# chown -R www-data:www-data owncloud
# chmod -R 755 owncloud

11 MV This Directory

mv owncloud /var/www/

12 Apache Configure for OwnCloud:-

We will set up Apache to serve OwnCloud’s files at this stage. To accomplish that, we will make the aforementioned Owncloud setup file.

# vim /etc/apache2/conf-available/owncloud.conf
Alias /owncloud "/var/www/owncloud/"

<Directory /var/www/owncloud/>
  Options +FollowSymlinks
  AllowOverride All

 <IfModule mod_dav.c>
  Dav off
 </IfModule>

 SetEnv HOME /var/www/owncloud
 SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/owncloud

</Directory>

Save and close the file.

13 The next step is to run the commands listed below to activate all the necessary Apache modules and the newly added configuration:

# a2enconf owncloud

# a2enmod rewrite

# a2enmod headers

# a2enmod env

# a2enmod dir

# a2enmod mime

14 Restarting the Apache web server will make the modifications effective:-

systemctl restart apache2

15 Completing The Installation Of OwnCloud

The only step left to do is to install OwnCloud on a browser once all relevant configurations have been completed. Therefore, open your browser and enter the address of your server, followed by the

Username = admin
Password = admin

Database User = harry
Database Password = redhat@123
Database name = highsky_db

Username = admin

Password = admin

Successfully Install

 



29 June 2023

What Is Docker? How To Install RHEL 9

What Is Docker?

With the aid of containerization, you can deploy, scale, and manage apps automatically using the open-source platform Docker. To run an application reliably across various computer environments, containers are compact, isolated environments that package an application and its dependencies.

The following are some fundamental Dock ideas.

Images: To launch a containerized application, a basic operating system, application code, and dependencies must be defined in read-only templates called “docker images.” Images can be created from scratch or based on pre-existing images found in open or closed Docker registries.

Containers: Instances of Docker images are containers. They are easy to create, start, stop, move, and remove, and they are lightweight. Because each container is independent and has its filesystem, processes, and networking, they are reproducible and transferable between various settings.

Docker Compose: You may define and manage multi-container applications using Docker Compose. It makes it simple to create and run complicated, interconnected systems by using a YAML file to define the services, networks, and volumes needed by your application.

Dockerfile: You may define and manage multi-container applications using Docker Compose. It makes it simple to create and run complicated, interconnected systems by using a YAML file to define the services, networks, and volumes needed by your application.

Containerization: A container is created by Docker by encapsulating an application along with all of its dependencies, including libraries, frameworks, and tools. Consistency and mobility are ensured by the isolation of containers from one another and the underlying host system.

Docker Registry: A repository for Docker images is known as a Docker registry. The default public registry where you may get a variety of pre-built images is the Docker Hub. Additionally, private registries can be created so that you can share and keep your photographs within your company.

With Docker, applications can be packaged and distributed in a flexible and effective manner, resulting in shorter development cycles, increased scalability, and more effective resource use. Due to its simplicity of use, portability, and ecosystem of tools and services, it has grown to be a well-liked technology in the field of software development and deployment.

How To Install Docker :-
What is Docker? And How To Install In Ubuntu 20.04

Red Hat 9 is a fairly old version of Red Hat Linux, as was previously indicated, and Docker is incompatible with it. A contemporary operating system with a compatible kernel version is necessary for Docker.

Remove Old versions

The names of earlier versions of Docker were docker or docker-engine. Before attempting to install a new version and any associated dependencies, uninstall any such previous versions. Additionally, if Podman has already been installed, remove it and the related dependencies:

yum remove docker \
docker-client \
docker-client-latest \
docker-common \
docker-latest \
docker-latest-logrotate \
docker-logrotate \
docker-engine \
podman \
runc

All Posts

press y 

Complete ! Remove 

Installation methods Docker :-

Set up the repository and install the yum-utils package, which includes the yum-config-manager tool.

yum install -y yum-utils

yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

Install Docker Engine

Installing container, the docker engine, and docker compose

yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin -y

Start Docker.

systemctl start docker

of this command  ” enable”  automatically boot time. start  Docker service

systemctl enable docker

Check service running

systemctl status docker.service



28 June 2023

What is Docker? And How To Install In Ubuntu 20.04

Containers are standardized, executable components that integrate application source code with the operating system (OS) libraries and dependencies necessary to run that code in any environment. Docker is an open-source platform that empowers developers to build, distribute, operate, update, and manage containers.

The magic bullet that permanently fixed the virtualization and software container issues was Docker. Yes, that is a bold statement! Other products had made an effort to address these issues, but Docker’s novel strategy and ecosystem had completely eliminated the competition. You will learn the fundamentals of Docker in this course so that you can start utilizing it for your own applications and incorporating it into your workflow.

 1  Installing Docker

What Is Docker? How To Install Rehal 9

It’s possible that the Docker installation package included in the official Ubuntu repository is out of date. We’ll install Docker from the official Docker repository to make sure we have the most up-to-date version. To accomplish that, we will first create a new package source, then install the package after adding the GPG key from Docker to confirm the downloads are legitimate.

Update your current list of packages first:.

apt update

Install the following prerequisites to enable apt to use packages through HTTPS:

apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl software-properties-common

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

Then add your system’s GPG key for the official Docker repository:

APT sources should include the Docker repository:

add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu focal stable"

Additionally, this will add the Docker packages from the recently added repository to our package database.

Verify that you are about to install from the Docker repository rather than the standard Ubuntu repository:

The result will look like this, albeit Docker’s version number can be different:

Note that docker-cue is not installed, but Ubuntu 20.04 (focal)’s Docker repository is the installation candidate.

Install Docker lastly:

apt install docker-ce

Now that Docker has been set up, the daemon should be running and the process should be set to launch upon boot. Verify that it is operating:

To verify that the service is operational and operating, the output should resemble the following:

The Docker client as well as the Docker service (daemon) are now included with the installation of Docker. Later in this lesson, we’ll look at how to use the docker command.

Install docker in complete 



19 June 2023

What Is Laravel And How To Install Laravel On Ubuntu?

1. Known for its clean syntax, expressive syntax, and developer-friendly features, Laravel is an open-source PHP framework for building online applications. It makes it simple to construct dependable and scalable web applications since it adheres to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural paradigm.

La Ravel’s salient characteristics include:

( 1 ) Routing: Laravel offers a straightforward and expressive method for defining web routes, making it simple to manage HTTP requests and specify the proper response logic.

( 2 ) Eloquent, Laravel’s ORM (Object-Relational Mapping), makes querying and manipulating database records simple by offering an intuitive syntax.

( 3 ) Laravel comes with a built-in templating engine called Blade that enables you to create dynamic, reusable views with capabilities like template inheritance, control structures, and simple data rendering.

( 4 ) Database migrations: The migration mechanism provided by Laravel enables you to easily make changes to the database structure while preserving your data and version control your database design.

( 5 ) User registration, login, and password reset functionality can be easily implemented because Laravel comes with a full authentication system preinstalled. Additionally, it provides strong authorization techniques for limiting access to different areas of your application.

( 6 ) Data Caching and Session Management: Laravel comes with built-in support for data caching, which can significantly enhance the performance of your application. It also offers a clear, uncomplicated interface for managing user sessions.

( 7 ) Task Scheduling: By specifying scheduled instructions, Laravel’s task scheduler enables you to automate monotonous operations within your application.

( 8 ) Testing: Laravel offers built-in support for testing, with capabilities like unit testing, integration testing, and browser testing, making it simpler to assure the quality and reliability of your application.

( 9 ) The sizeable and vibrant Laravel community helps to support its ongoing development, thorough documentation, and availability of several packages and extensions that may be simply incorporated into your applications.

Laravel provides a solid basis for developing cutting-edge online applications, with the overall goal of streamlining the development process and increasing developer productivity.

Apache Web Server installation

You will install the Apache2 web server on your Ubuntu system in this initial phase. You will be using the Apache web server and the Laravel web framework in this example.

To update and reload your Ubuntu repository, run the apt command below.

sudo apt update

The Apache2 web server package should then be installed using the following command.

sudo apt install apache2

Enter Y to confirm, then hit ENTER to launch the installation. It’s time to start installing Apache.

After installing Apache2, you must configure the UFW firewall to allow access to HTTP and HTTPS services.

The HTTP and HTTPS services can be added to the UFW firewall by using the ufw command listed below.

sudo ufw allow "Apache Full"

Input the server IP address (for example, http://192.168.1.11) in the address bar of your web browser after it has opened. The Apache2 web server’s default index.html page should now appear.

Installing PHP

The Ubuntu 20.04 computer will have PHP installed and configured after the Apache web server is set up. The PHP package for version 7.4 is available in the standard Ubuntu 20.04 repository, and it has good support for the Laravel web framework.

Install PHP packages for the Laravel web framework by running the apt command below.

sudo apt install php php-curl php-bcmath php-json php-mbstring php-xml php-tokenizer php-zip

Enter Y to approve the installation, then click ENTER to move on. The installation of PHP will start.

Use the Vim editor to make changes to the configuration file php.ini after the PHP installation is complete.

sudo vim /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini

To make the PHP extensions file info, OpenSSL, and mastering available, uncomment the corresponding options.

extension=fileinfo
extension=mbstring
extension=openssl


When finished, save and close the file.

Restart the Apache2 service after that to make the latest PHP configuration modifications.

sudo systemctl restart apache2

Finally, run the following command to check and validate your PHP setup.

On your Ubuntu computer, check the PHP version installed.

php --version

You can see that PHP 7.4.3 is set up on the Ubuntu computer in the screenshot below.

MariaDB Server installation

PHP and the Apache2 web server packages have now been set up. On the Ubuntu 20.04 system, you will now be installing and setting up the MariaDB database server. For the Laravekl project, you will also be creating a fresh MariaDB database and user.

You can use the apt command listed below to install the MariaDB database on an Ubuntu computer.

sudo apt install mariadb-server

Enter Y to confirm, then hit ENTER to launch the installation.

 

Use the command below to log in as the root user to the MariaDB shell once the installation of MariaDB is complete

sudo mysql -u root -p

Run the MariaDB queries listed below to establish a brand-new database and user for the Laravel project. In this case, the user Laravel and the password “password” will be used to create the database laravel_db

CREATE DATABASE laravel_db;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

CREATE USER laravel@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON laravel_db.* TO laravel@localhost;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

exit

Bye

To exit the MariaDB shell, run the query “EXIT” right away. You have now set up a new database and user for the Laravel project as well as installed the MariaDB database server.

Composer installation

Installing the Composer will be done in this section. It is package management for the PHP programming language, comparable to pip for Python, the gem for Ruby, npm for Node.js, and yarn for PHP.

There are several ways to install the Laravel web framework. In this example, Composer will be used to install the Laravel web framework.

To download the Composer installation, run the command listed below.

curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer -o composer-setup.php

To install the Composer, execute the installer script “composer-setup.php” right away. By doing this, the Composer will be installed in the /usr/local/bin directory.

sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer

This screenshot was taken during Composer installation.

Run the command shown below to check and validate the Composer installation when the installation is complete.

sudo -u www-data composer --version

Display the Composer help content.

sudo -u www-data composer --help

Start Installing Laravel

For the purposes of this example, you will need to establish three directories: “.cache” for the PHP package cache, “.config” for the additional Composer setup, and “laravelapp” for the Laravel project itself. The “/var/www” directory will contain all of those directories.

To create new directories for the Laravel installation, run the command below.

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/{.cache,.config,laravelapp}

Currently, give the user and group www-data ownership to the Composer and Laravel directories.

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/{.cache,.config,laravelapp}

After that, use the following command to navigate to the /var/www/laravelapp directory.

cd /var/www/laravelapp/

then use the composer command listed below to install the Laravel web framework. The. at the end of the program will install Laravel in the /var/www/laravelapp working directory.

sudo -u www-data composer create-project laravel/laravel .

After the Laravel installation is complete, the outcome is shown below.

Next, use the Vim editor to make changes to the “.env” file when the installation is finished. This setting serves as Laravel’s immediate environment setup and contains information like the installation URL and database specifics.

vim .env

For the Laravel installation, replace the APP_URL configuration with your domain name. The domain name laravelapp.hwdomain.io.c will be used to host the laravel in this example.

APP_URL=http://laravel_db.hwdomain.io

As soon as you have modified your database configuration, modify the database details.

DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=laravel_db
DB_USERNAME=laravel
DB_PASSWORD=password

Save and close the file when you are done.

The MariaDB database server and Laravel web framework installation are now complete.

Setup Apache Virtual Host

The Apache2 virtual host for the Laravel web framework needs to be configured now. The Laravel project will be running in this illustration on the local domain laravel_db.hwdomain.io.

Create a new file “/etc/apache2/sites-available/laravel.conf” using Vim editor.

sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/laravel.conf

The file should now have the following configuration. You can alter the domain if you are already using it. Additionally, be sure to modify the Laravel project’s Document root path.

<VirtualHost *:80>

    ServerAdmin admin@hwdomain.io
    ServerName laravel_db.hwdomain.io
    DocumentRoot /var/www/laravelapp/public

    <Directory />
            Options FollowSymLinks
            AllowOverride None
    </Directory>
    <Directory /var/www/laravelapp>
            AllowOverride All
    </Directory>

    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file when you are done.

The next step is to run the following command to enable the virtual host configuration laravel. conf and the Apache2 module rewriting.

sudo a2enmod rewrite
sudo a2ensite laravel.conf

Now make sure there are no errors in the Apache2 configuration.

sudo apachectl configtest

Apply the updated virtual host configuration for the Laravel project now by restarting the Apache2 service using the command listed below.

sudo systemctl restart apache2

You have now finished setting up Apache to serve Laravel’s virtual host.

On your machine, edit the /etc/hosts file using the nano/vim editor.

sudo vim /etc/hosts

Include the subsequent configuration. Make sure to update your detailed server’s domain name and IP address.

Save and close the file when you are done.

sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service
sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service
sudo systemctl restart apache2
sudo systemctl enable apache2

Finally, return to your web browser and type the URL for the Laravel installation (i.e., http://laravel_db.hwdomain.io) into the address bar. And you ought to see the Laravel web framework’s default index page. Additionally, you can see the PHP version you are currently using and the Laravel version you just installed at the bottom.

Congratulation! The Laravel web framework has now been successfully installed on Ubuntu 20.04. Additionally, you have learned how to set up the LAMP stack for the Laravel web farm.



Choose AWS CDK from HighSky IT to get a better Future
10 June 2023

Choose AWS CDK from HighSky IT to get a better Future

The AWS CDK or Cloud Development Kit is one of the powerful frameworks which helps developers to find out cloud infrastructure resources by using similar programming languages like Java, TypeScript, and Python.  HighSky IT offers The AWS Security Training Course Ahmedabad, which gives an invaluable resource for architects and developers looking to unlock the complete potential of the CDK.

This course is specially designed to offer comprehensive skills and knowledge to participants related to securing data and applications on the AWS platform.  Such kind of  Data Science Training in Ahmedabad provides valuable insights into best practices and different security measures that can help to protect AWS resources from different potential threats.  This post highlights some key takeaways from such a training course.

What can you learn from AWS CDK or Security Training Course?

  • Understanding AWS Security Services

The courses for Ansible Training Ahmedabad offer an in-depth understanding of different security services provided by AWS.  Here, participants can learn about different services like AWS CloudTrail, Identity and Access Management (IAM), Firewall Manager, AWS Key Management Service (KMS), AWS Config, and many more.  Having knowledge about such services can be utilized to improve the AWS environment’s security posture.

  • Identity and Access Management

The courses for AWS Security Certification Ahmedabad cover AWS IAM, which is one of the primary components of access control in AWS.  Here, learners can understand the best practices for implementing authorization mechanisms and secure authentication.

  • Securing AWS Infrastructure

In this AWS CDK, the participants can learn about best practices and important techniques for securing their AWS infrastructure.  It includes implementing the right access controls, configuring secure network architectures, and applying security policies in order to protect AWS resources.  The participants can also learn about encryption mechanisms, secure data storage options, and methods to secure transit data.

  • Incident Response and Compliance

This course gives proper guidance on responding to security incidents and creating an incident response plan in an AWS environment.  Here, participants can learn about AWS security best practices to respond to and mitigate common threats to security.  The learners can gain knowledge of industry regulations and compliance frameworks relevant to AWS, like PCI-DSS, GDPR, and HIPAA.

Apart from that, the course also helps the participants to understand the best practices and security optimization and monitoring and logging for securing AWS resources.

Conclusion

The AWS Security Training Course helps the participants with the skills and knowledge essential to implement security measures in their AWS environment.  If you want to learn more details on this course, then you can connect with Highsky IT Solutions to gain an understanding of securing infrastructure and AWS security services.



01 June 2023

How To Install WordPress in Ubuntu Cli

You must follow a set of steps in order to install WordPress on Ubuntu using the command line interface (CLI). Here is a detailed instruction:

1 System package updates:
Update the system packages to the most recent versions first. Run the following commands in a terminal after opening it:

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

2 Set up the LAMP stack:

A web server, database, and PHP are necessary for WordPress. Using the command line, you may install the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP):

( 1 ) Install Apache

sudo apt-get install apache2 -y

( 2 ) Activate Apache and start it:
Start the service and make Apache boot up automatically after installation.

sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl enable apache2

( 3 ) Install MariaDB

sudo apt-get install mariadb -y

( 4 ) Activate Mariadb and start it:
Start the service and make Mariadb boot up automatically after installation.

sudo systemctl start mariadb
sudo systemctl enable mariadb

( 5 ) MySQL configuration

You’ll be asked to choose a root password when installing the MySQL server. Establish a strong password and abide by the directions. Run the subsequent command to protect the MySQL installation after that:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

follow a pick 

 

 

Your root password 

 

And then create the database

( 7 ) The creation of a MySQL database and user

Run the following command to enter the MySQL shell:

sudo mysql -u root -p

Enter the root password you created before. A new database and user can be created for highsky_db after you are logged in:

create database highsky_db

Check the Database

SHOW DATABASES;

And Exit 

( 6 ) Install PHP

sudo apt-get install php

( 7 ) Install PHP-MySQL

sudo apt-get install php-mysql php-cgi php-cli php-gd

( 8 ) Restart the Apache service

sudo systemctl enable apache2

( 9 ) Installing and setting up WordPress:

Move to the Apache web server root directory:

sudo cd /var/www/html/

( 10 ) Install WordPress using the most recent version:

sudo wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip

( 11 ) Unzip Tar File

sudo unzip latest.zip

( 12 ) Check the unzip file

sudo ls

( 13 ) Copy this  file /var/www/html/

sudo cp -r wordpress/* /var/www/html/

( 14 ) Allow the Apache service in ufw

sudo ufw allow http

( 15 ) your IP address copy

sudo ip a

( 16 ) Access WordPress:

Open a web browser and type your server’s IP address or domain name. The WordPress installation page ought to appear. To finish the installation, adhere to the on-screen directions.

And click the Let ‘s go’

Scroll and click  Submit  

( 17 ) And go to Terminal to create a file /var/www/html/wp-config.php

sudo vim wp-config.php

Copy the full path And paste /var/www/html/wp-config.php

Click the Run the installation

your Email id file then Click install WordPress

Click Log in

Successful WordPress installation

 



31 May 2023

How to install WordPress in Redhat

1 what is WordPress

Popular content management systems (CMS) like WordPress are used to build and maintain websites. It is a free and open-source platform that enables people to publish content and develop websites without having to have a deep understanding of coding.

WordPress is very flexible and adaptable for all sorts of websites since it offers a user-friendly interface and a variety of configurable themes and plugins. Originally designed as a blogging platform, it has now matured into a feature-rich CMS that can power everything from straightforward personal blogs to intricate e-commerce websites and corporate portals.

WordPress has a few important features, such as:

1 Simple Content Management: WordPress makes it simple for users to write blog posts, create pages,  add images and videos, and more.

2 Themes & Personalization: Users can alter the look of their website by selecting from a wide range of free and commercial themes. Furthermore, WordPress offers a wide range of customization options via plugins and widgets, allowing users to expand the functionality and features of their websites.

3 WordPress was created with search engine optimization (SEO) in mind, and it offers a number of tools and plugins to help with content optimization and raise search engine ranks.

4 WordPress has an extensive ecosystem of plugins that users may install to increase the functionality of their websites. Contact forms, e-commerce options, social network integration, security improvements, and other features are all covered by these plugins.

5 Support and Community The WordPress platform has a sizable and vibrant community of users, developers, and contributors who help one another out, share information, and create fresh themes and plugins. This community feature guarantees users access to information, support, and updates for their WordPress websites.

WordPress is a popular and adaptable platform that enables people, companies, and organizations to construct and maintain websites easily.

2 You can adhere to these general procedures to install WordPress on CentOS, Red Hat, or Fedora:

( 1 ) System package updates:
For a start, make sure your system packages are updated so you have the most recent dependencies and updates:

[root@server ~]# yum update

( 2 )  Apache Web Server install
WordPress needs a web server to run, and Apache is a common option. Use the command line interface to install Apache:

[root@server ~]# yum install httpd -y

( 3 ) Activate Apache and start it:
Start the service and make Apache boot up automatically after installation.

[root@server ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@server ~]# systemctl enable httpd

( 4 ) MariaDB (or MySQL) install :
MariaDB is a good option for WordPress’ requirement for a database server. Use the subsequent command to install MariaDB:

yum install mariadb-server mariadb

( 5 ) Start MariaDB and make it active:
Start the service and make it such that MariaDB starts automatically when the system boots after installing it.

systemctl start mariadb
systemctl enable mariadb

3 MariaDB Secure installation on RHE

( How to install MariaDB and use MariaDB redhat )

To configure the MariaDB root password and increase security, run the security script:

mysql_secure_installation

( 1 ) MariaDB, just like MySQL is the default. secure Therefore, you must take another step and run the mysql_secure_installation script.

You are guided through a series of prompts by the Running command. You will need to create a root password first. The default root user unix socket authentication in MariaDB is insufficiently secure.

So, decline from using the Unix socket authentication by pressing  ” n ” and hitting

mysql_secure_installation

Enter current password for root (enter for none):  [Press Enter] 

Setting the root password or using the unix_socket ensures that nobody
can log into the MariaDB root user without the proper authorisation.

Your root account is protected, so you can safely answer ‘n’.

Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n]   [Press ” n ” Enter ] 

Change the root password? [Y/n]    [ Press ” y ” Enter ]

New password:                                   [ highsky@123 ]

Re-enter new password: Re-enter password  [ highsky@123 ]

Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables.
… Success!
By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n]        [ Press ” y ” Enter ] 
.. Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from ‘localhost’. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n]   [ Press ” y ” Enter ]
… Success!

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named ‘test’ that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n]  [ Press ” y ” Enter ]
– Dropping test database…

… Success!
– Removing privileges on test database…
… Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n]   [ press ” y ” Enter ] 
… Success!

Cleaning up…

All done! If you’ve completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure

Successful Secure installation

4 Create MariaDB Database 

( 1 )  Log in now back to the MariaDB server and authenticate with the password you configured.

[root@server ~]# mysql -u root -p

Enter password:  Enter your root password

( 2 ) Create a test database. Here, we are going to name it highsky_db

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE redhat_db;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

( 3 ) Check the database

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;

 

( 4 )  Exit the MariaDB shell:

exit

( 5 ) Start MariaDB and make it active:
Start the service and make it such that MariaDB starts automatically when the system boots after installing it.

[root@server ~]# systemctl restart mariadb.service

5  Run the below command to complete installing PHP on your system.

( 1 ) Install PHP

[root@server ~]# yum install php
[root@server ~]# yum install php-mysqlnd.x86_64

6 Installing and downloading WordPress:

( 1 ) Access the Apache web root directory by changing:

[root@server ~]# cd /var/www/html/

( 2 ) Installing WordPress’ most recent version:

[root@server html]# wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip

( 3 ) Check the  file

[root@server html]# ls

( 4 ) unzip the WordPress files:

[root@server html]# unzip latest.zip

( 5 ) Check the  file

[root@server html]# ls

 

( 6 ) Copy this  file /var/www/html/

[root@server html]# cp -r wordpress/* /var/www/html/

( 7 ) Restart the Apache service and Boot time lode

[root@server html]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@server html]# systemctl enable httpd

( 8 ) Firewall add Apache service

root@server html]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http

( 9 ) Firewall Reload

[root@server html]# firewall-cmd –reload

( 10 ) your IP address copy

[root@server html]# ifconfig

ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.66.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.66.255
inet6 fe80::3325:3f19:e2c4:6a01 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:1f:38:1c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 19211 bytes 26321860 (25.1 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4360 bytes 312961 (305.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

my IP 192.168.66.128

7 Access WordPress:

Open a web browser and type the IP address or domain name of your server. The WordPress installation page ought to appear. To finish the installation, adhere to the on-screen directions.

And click the Let ‘s go’

 

Click Submit 

And go to Terminal to create a file /var/www/html/wp-config.php

[root@server html]# vim wp-config.php

Copy the full path And paste /var/www/html/wp-config.php

 

Click the Run the installation

your Email id file then Click install WordPress

Click Log in

Successful WordPress installation



26 May 2023

What is the Linux And basic commands

WHAT IS  LINUX?

“Linux” refers to the operating system kernel on which Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is built. The open-source Linux kernel provides the fundamental features and services required for an operating system to run on hardware, modeled after the Unix operating system.

In addition to the Linux kernel, system utilities, libraries, and software packages, RHEL is a Linux distribution. It offers a dependable, supported, and enterprise-level deployment-ready platform for companies and organizations.

As an operating system kernel, Linux takes care of crucial tasks like process management, memory management, device drivers, file systems, networking, and security. It serves as a bridge between the hardware and software layers, enabling system services and applications to communicate with the underlying hardware resources.

Built on the Linux kernel, RHEL enhances the Linux operating system’s capabilities by incorporating business-class features, security improvements, management tools, and ongoing support. It is frequently utilized in server environments, cloud infrastructure, and other business applications.

Additionally, RHEL supports a broad variety of open-source software packages and tools, giving administrators and developers access to a robust ecosystem for the creation and deployment of applications

It’s crucial to remember that while Linux is the operating system’s foundation, RHEL is the distribution that combines the Linux kernel with other software elements to produce an entire operating system that is appropriate for use in business settings.

The kernel of an operating system is Linux. You may be familiar with UNIX. Linux is, in fact, a copy of UNIX. But Linus Torvalds essentially started from scratch to construct it. Since Linux is free and open-source, you can easily modify it and re-distribute it under your own name! Numerous Linux distributions exist; they are referred to as “distros”.

Linux flavours Name 

Ubuntu Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Linux Mint
Debian
Fedora
Manjaro
Elementary OS
Zorin
MX Linux
Pop_OS! (from System76)
And ( ETC ) 

Servers primarily utilize Linux. Linux servers are used to power almost 90% of the internet. This is due to Linux’s speed, security, and affordability! The expense of using Windows servers is the biggest issue. Linux servers can be used to resolve this. The Linux kernel also serves as the foundation for Android, the operating system that powers about 80% of smartphones worldwide. The majority of viruses operate on Windows, but not on Linux!

The Linux shell, sometimes known as “Terminal” 

So, in essence, a shell is a program that takes user commands, passes them through to the OS for processing, and then displays the results. Its key component is the Linux shell. Although some of its distributions have a GI (graphical user interface), Linux primarily uses a CLI. We’ll go over the fundamental commands used in the Linux shell in this tutorial.

Linux basic commands 

1. ls Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) uses the ls command to list the files and directories that are present in a directory. If no directory is supplied, the names of the files and directories in the current working directory are displayed.

The basic syntax of the ls command is:

ls [options] [directory]

The following are a few frequently used ls command options in RHEL:

( 1 ) Ls – l  Detailed information about files and directories is displayed in a long format.
( 2 ) ls -a reveals hidden files (those with a dot in the name).
( 3 ) ls -h Human-readable file sizes.
( 4 ) ls -t Sorts files and folders based on the most recent modification date
( 5 ) ls -r Reverse the listing’s order.
( 6 ) ls -R List the files and directories in every subdirectory.
( 7 ) ls -I Identify each file’s and directory’s inode number.

2. cd: Change the current working directory in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) by using the cd command. You can use it to move about the file system’s various directories

cd [directory]

The following are some crucial details concerning the cd command:

( 1 ) The cd will take you to your home directory if you run it without specifying a directory.
( 2 ) You can specify either an absolute path (beginning with /) or a relative path to get to a specific directory.
( 3 ) An absolute path identifies the full directory path starting at the file system’s root.
( 4 ) The directory path relative to the active working directory is specified via a relative path.

The cd command supports the following special symbols:

. The symbol denotes the current directory.
.. stands for the parent directory (the previous level).
~ The user’s home directory is represented by.

Following are a few instances of how to use the cd command in RHEL:

1 Make a home directory change:

cd

2 Using an absolute path, navigate to a particular directory:

cd /path/to/directory

3 Making use of a relative path, change to a certain directory:

cd relative/directory/path

4 to reach the parent directory, move up one level:

cd ..

5 Navigate to the current directory (helpful if you unintentionally execute cd without any arguments):

cd .

6 The user’s home directory is changed:

cd ~

3. pwd: The pwd command can be used in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to print the current working directory. It shows you the directory’s absolute path at the moment.

The pwd command’s syntax is straightforward:

Pwd

The full path to the current working directory is output when you use the pwd command.

1. Here is an illustration of how to use the pwd command in RHEL:

pwd

/home/user/Documents

( 1 ) The result in this case shows the working directory’s absolute path as /home/user/Documents. It displays the user’s current location as being in the “Documents” directory.

( 2 ) The pwd command comes in handy when you need to reference the entire path for other commands or scripts or when you want to confirm the current directory.

( 3 ) The pwd command does not accept any parameters, which is a crucial distinction. It only shows the working directory at the moment.4

4. date: The date command in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is used to display or set the system date and time. It offers details on the time, date, and other relevant parameters as of right now.

( 1 ) The date command provides a number of parameters that let you alter the system date and time or customize the output. Here are a few frequently chosen choices:

( 2 ) -u or –utc: Use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone to display or set the date and time.

( 3 ) -R or –rfc-2822: Show the time and date in RFC 2822 format.

( 4 ) +%format:  Display the time and date in a particular format. For instance, %Y stands for the year, %m for the month, %d for the day, %H for the hour in 24-hour format, %M for the minute, and %S for the second.

Here are a few instances of how to use RHEL’s date command:

1. Show the time and date as of right now:

date

2. The time and date will be shown in UTC:

date -u

3. show the time and date in a particular format:

date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"

5. mkdir: The mkdir command is used in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to create new directories (folders). With certain names and settings, it enables you to establish one or more directories.

The mkdir command’s fundamental syntax is as follows

mkdir [options] directory_name

( 1 ) The following are some critical details regarding the mkdir command:

( 2 ) Multiple directory names can be specified, separated by spaces, and mkdir will create each one at once.

( 3 ) The mkdir command typically creates folders in the location of the active working directory.

( 4 ) To create folders in a specified area within the file system, you can specify an absolute path.

( 5 ) Use the -p option to create the target directory and any parent directories in the path if they don’t already exist.

Here are a few instances of how to use RHEL’s mkdir command

1. In the directory where you are working, make a single directory:

mkdir directory_name

2. In the current working directory, make a number of directories:

mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3

3 A directory with the given path should be created:

mkdir /path/to/directory

4 If parent directories don’t already exist, create them.

mkdir -p /path/to/new/directory

Remember to substitute the desired name or path for the directory you want to create for directory_name or /path/to/directory.

The ls command can be used to confirm that the directories have been correctly created after running the mkdir command.

6. rmdir:  The rmdir command in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)’s command-line interface (CLI) is used to delete empty directories (folders). You can eliminate folders that are empty of files or subdirectories

The rmdir command has the following basic syntax:

rmdir [options] directory_name

( 1 ) The following are key information regarding the rmdir command:

( 2 ) Only empty directories can be deleted with the rmdir command. A directory won’t be erased if it has any files or subdirectories.

( 3 ) The current working directory is where the rmdir command works by default.

( 4 ) To define the location of the directory you want to remove, you can offer an absolute path.

 Here is an illustration of how to use the rmdir command in RHEL:

1. In the current working directory, delete the empty directory:

rmdir directory_name

2. A given path should be used to remove an empty directory:

rmdir /path/to/directory

Always use the correct name or path when replacing directory_name or /path/to/directory with an empty directory that you wish to remove.

An error message stating that the directory is not empty will be displayed if you try to use the rmdir command on a non-empty directory. To remove the directory and its contents recursively in that situation, you might need to run the rm command with the right arguments.

To prevent mistakenly deleting significant files or directories, it is always a good idea to double-check the contents of a directory before executing the rmdir command.

7. mv: The mv command can be used in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to move or rename files and directories. You can use it to modify the name or placement of a file or directory within the file system.

The mv command’s fundamental syntax is:

mv [options] source destination

The following are some critical details of the mv command:

( 1 ) The file or directory that you want to transfer or rename is represented by source.

( 2 ) destination denotes the new name or intended location for the file or directory.

( 3 ) The source will be relocated into the destination directory if it already exists. The source will be moved and/or renamed appropriately if the destination is a directory that doesn’t exist or has a different name.

( 4 ) To transfer or rename files and directories across various locations in the file system, you can specify absolute paths for both the source and destination.

Following are a few instances of how to use the mv command in RHEL:

1 Change the directory where a file is located:

mv file.txt /path/to/directory/

2 Change a directory’s location and all of its contents:

mv directory /path/to/new/location/

3 rename a directory or file:

mv old_name.txt new_name.txt

4 Moving and renaming a file or directory at the same time:

mv source.txt /path/to/new/location/new_name.txt

Keep in mind to substitute the proper file or directory names and paths according to your requirements for file.txt, directory, old_name.txt, or /path/to.

Additional parameters that can be used with the mv command include preserving file characteristics, forcing overwrites, and showing verbose output. To view all of the options available, use the man mv command in the terminal to access the mv command’s documentation page.

8. cp: The cp command can be used in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to copy files and directories. You can use it to duplicate files and directories to a different position in the file system or to the same area inside the file system.

The cp command’s standard syntax is

cp [options] source destination

( 1 ) The following are some crucial details of the cp command:

( 2 ) The file or location you want to copy is represented by the source.

( 3 ) The target location where the duplicate will be generated is represented by the destination.

( 4 ) The source will be copied into the destination directory if it already exists. The source will be copied and/or renamed appropriately if the destination is a directory that doesn’t exist or has a different name.

( 5 ) If you want to move files and directories between various places in the file system, you can do so by giving absolute paths for both the source and destination.

Following are a few instances of how to use the cp command in RHEL:

1 A file should be copied to a different directory:

cp file.txt /path/to/directory/

2 Copy the contents of a directory to another directory:

cp -r directory /path/to/new/location/

Note: To copy folders and their contents recursively, use the -r option.

3 Renaming a file after a copy has been made:

cp old_name.txt new_name.txt

4 Copying a file or directory while keeping its permissions and timestamps intact:

cp -a source destination

Note: To maintain file attributes, use the -a option.

Keep in mind to substitute the proper file or directory names and paths according to your requirements for file.txt, directory, old_name.txt, or /path/to.

Additional parameters for the cp command include maintaining links, forcing overwrites, and displaying verbose output, among other things. Man cp can be used in the terminal to investigate all of the options available by referring to the cp command’s documentation page.

9. touch:  The touch command in the command-line interface (CLI) of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is used to create new files or change the timestamp of existing files. Empty files can be created or the access and modification times of existing files changed often.

The touch command’s basic syntax is as follows:

touch [options] file_name

The following are some significant details concerning the touch command:

( 1 ) The touch command creates a brand-new, empty file with the supplied file_name if it doesn’t already exist.

( 2 ) The touch command adjusts the access and modification timestamps of the file to the current time by default if the file_name already exists.

( 3 ) The touch command by default adds or modifies a single file’s timestamp.

( 4 )To simultaneously create or update the timestamps of several files, you can use multiple file_name parameters.

Listed below are a few instances of how to use the touch command in RHEL:

1 Make a fresh, blank file:

touch file.txt

2 Put the most recent time in an existing file’s timestamp:

touch existing_file.txt

3 Make a number of blank files:

touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

4 Add the current time to the timestamps of numerous existing files:

touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

Keep in mind to substitute file.txt, existing_file.txt, or file1.txt, file2.txt, and file3.txt with the appropriate file names to meet your needs.

A precise timestamp can be specified, file characteristics can be adjusted, and verbose output can be displayed using additional options that are included with the touch command. The command man touch in the terminal can be used to investigate all of the options available by referring to the manual page for the touch command.

10. find Using a variety of criteria, the find command in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) can be used to search for files and directories inside a directory hierarchy. With the use of criteria like name patterns, file kinds, sizes, timestamps, and more, you may find files and folders that meet your requirements.

The find command’s fundamental syntax is as follows:

find [path] [options] [expression]

( 1 ) What you should know about the search command includes the following:

( 2 ) The search’s initial directory is represented by [path]. The current directory is used as the starting point if none is provided.

( 3 ) [Options] offer other search settings, including restricting the depth, omitting specific directories, or regulating the output format.

( 4 ) [expression] gives the search parameters or the operations to be carried out on the files and directories that are found.

The search command in RHEL can be used in the following situations:

1. In the current directory and its subdirectories, look for files with a certain name:

find . -name "filename.txt"

2. Search for directories bearing a particular name and remove them (use with caution):

find . -type d -name "directory_name" -exec rm -r {} \;

3. Get files that are bigger than a certain size:

find /path/to/search -type f -size +1M

4 Search for files edited within a certain time frame:

find /path/to/search -type f -newermt "2022-01-01" ! -newermt "2022-12-31"

Keep in mind to substitute the appropriate numbers or patterns for filename.txt, directory_name, /path/to/search, or the date range to meet your needs.

With the find command, you may narrow down your search using a variety of arguments and phrases. The logical operators (-a, -o, and!) allow you to combine several expressions and carry out sophisticated searches. For more information on all of the available options and phrases, use the man find command in the terminal.

11 .tar: When using the command-line interface (CLI) in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), the tar command is used to generate and modify archive files. It is frequently used to extract or list the contents of preexisting archive files as well as combine numerous files and folders into a single archive file.

In addition to archive operations, the tar command supports a number of compression techniques, including gzip (*.tar.gz), bzip2 (*.tar.bz2), and xz (*.tar.xz).
The tar command’s fundamental syntax is as follows:

tar [options] archive_file files/directories

( 1 ) The tar command has the following key information that you should be aware of:

( 2 ) The name of the archive file that is going to be generated or modified is represented by the archive_file argument. It can have extensions that match the compression scheme being used (such as.tar.gz,.tar.bz2, or.tar.xz), or it can only have the extension.tar for an uncompressed archive.

( 3 ) The parameter files/directories represent the directories or files that should be included in the archive. By separating them with spaces, you can specify the number of files and directories.

( 4 ) The tar command can generate, extract, or update archive files depending on the operation and arguments chosen.

Here are some instances of how to use the tar command in RHEL:

1 Compress data into an archive:

tar -czvf archive.tar.gz file1.txt file2.txt directory/

File1.txt, File2.txt, and the directory/ directory are all created in a compressed archive file called archive.tar.gz by this command.

2 Take files out of an archive:

tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz

The archive.tar.gz file’s contents are extracted with this command and placed in the current directory.

3 An archive’s contents are listed below:

tar -tvf archive.tar.gz

A thorough list of the files and folders found in the archive.tar.gz file is displayed by this command.

Keep in mind to change directory/, file1.txt, file2.txt, and archive.tar.gz to the actual names of the files and directories you wish to generate, extract, or modify.

The tar function offers a variety of options for working with archives, choosing compression ratios, maintaining file permissions, and more. Use the man tar command in the terminal to view the tar command’s manual page and explore all of your choices.

12. When using Linux, the “unzip” tool is used to extract files from ZIP archives. It enables you to unzip a ZIP file and extract its contents into a chosen location.

The “unzip” command’s fundamental syntax is as follows:

unzip [options] zipfile.zip [-d destination_directory]

The ZIP archive you want to extract is called “zipfile.zip” in this case. “-d destination_directory” is an optional flag that defines the directory where you want the files to be extracted. The “options” are additional flags you can use to change the behavior of the command. The files will be extracted into the currently active working directory if the destination directory is not specified.

Following are a few often-used options for the “unzip” command:

( 1 ) List the ZIP archive’s contents without extracting them with the -l option.

( 2 ) -o: Replace existing files automatically without asking.

( 3 ) Quiet mode, or -q. Suppress the extraction’s output.

( 4 ) -d: Indicate the location of the files that will be extracted.

Example of use

1 Get every file out of a ZIP archive:

unzip myfile.zip

2 A ZIP archive’s contents should be extracted into a specific directory:

unzip myfile.zip -d /path/to/destination/

3 Give a list of a ZIP archive’s contents:

unzip -l myfile.zip

These are but a handful of instances of how to employ the “unzip” command. Using the “man unzip” command, you can see the command’s documentation page to learn more about your options.

13. alias  A custom shortcut or shorthand for a lengthier or more complex command can be created in Linux using an alias. You can create your own command names or change the names of already existing commands to make them simpler to recall or type. In essence, an alias is a mapping between a unique name and the command or group of instructions it stands for.

Use the “alias” command, followed by the desired alias name and the command or commands it should represent, to define an alias. Here is the fundamental syntax:

alias alias_name='command'

Here, “alias_name” is the name you wish to give the alias, and “command” is the command itself or a group of commands you want to link to the alias. The command(s) may contain any legal shell syntax, including arguments, pipes, and options.

For instance, suppose you wish to make a shorter alias for the “ls -l” command, which displays a full list of files. An alias can be defined as follows:

alias ll='ls -l'

Now, the “ls -l” command will be run anytime you type “ll” in the terminal and press Enter. This can help you save time and use the command line more effectively.

In order to maintain them between sessions, aliases are often defined in the shell’s configuration files, such as “/.bashrc” or “/.bash_profile”. As soon as an alias is created, you can use it in the current terminal session. Make sure to include the alias definition in the relevant configuration file, though, if you want the alias to be accessible in each new terminal session.

You can use the “alias” command without any arguments to obtain a list of the aliases that are currently defined:

alias

A list of aliases and their definitions will then be shown.

It’s crucial to remember that aliases are unique to the shell you’re currently using. You might need to modify your aliases in the configuration file of the new shell if you transition from one shell to another (for example, from Bash to Zsh).

14 cat: The “cat” command, which stands for “concatenate,” is used largely in Linux to display a file’s contents or to concatenate multiple files and display their contents simultaneously. It is a straightforward command that can be used in a variety of situations.

The “cat” command’s fundamental syntax is as follows:

cat [options] [filename]

The name of the file you want to show or concatenate is referred to as the “filename” in this case. To concatenate and show multiple filenames with their contents combined, separate the filenames by spaces. Without a filename, “cat” will read data from standard input, which is often the keyboard.

The cat command is frequently used for things like:

1 presenting a file’s content:

cat filename

2 combining many files together and showing their contents:

cat file1 file2

3 Use input from the terminal to create a new file or replace an existing one:

cat > filename

By doing so, you can type the contents of the file, and hit Ctrl + D ends the input.

4 Adding terminal input to a file that already exists:

cat >> filename

By doing this, you can add content to an existing file.

These are but a handful of applications for the cat command. It can be used with other commands to carry out more complicated actions and supports a number of options. If you’d like more information on the usage and options of the cat command, you may look them up in the manual by typing man cat in the terminal.

15. tail In Linux, the tail command is a command-line tool that is used to show the last few lines of a file or to continually check a file for newly added lines. When looking through recent additions to a file, such as log files, it is especially helpful.

The tail command is generally used as follows:

tail [options] [file(s)]

In this case, [file(s)] stands for the name(s) of the file(s) you want to display, and [options] refers to the numerous command arguments that change the behavior of the tail command.

The tail command is frequently used for things like:

1 displaying a file’s latest 10 lines (the default setting):

tail filename

2 displaying a set amount of lines from a file’s end:

tail -n <number-of-lines> filename

The last 20 lines of the file will be shown, for instance, when the tail -n 20 filename is used.

3 checking a file for new lines continuously (like the tail -f command):

tail -f filename

This will run the command continually, updating the output when new lines are added to the file, and display the most recent 10 lines of the file. Real-time log file monitoring is frequently done using it.

These are only a few uses of the tail command. It offers a lot of options, including the ability to display lines in reverse order, a specific number of bytes, and more. If you want full information on the usage and options of the tail command, type man tail in the terminal.

16. grep Linux has a robust command-line tool called grep that can be used to look for particular regular expressions or patterns in files or the output of other programs. The acronym GRE Print means “global regular expression print.”

The grep command is generally used as follows:

grep [options] pattern [file(s)]

Here, pattern denotes the text or regular expression you want to search for, [options] denotes the numerous command options that change the behavior of the grep command, and [file(s)] denotes the name(s) of the file(s) you wish to search within. Grep will search the standard input (such as the output of another command) if no files are given.

The grep command is frequently used for things like:

1 Finding a certain pattern in a file:

grep "pattern" filename

The given file will be searched for the specified pattern, and all matching lines will be displayed.

2 Finding a trend across several files:

grep "pattern" file1 file2

In both file 1 and file 2, the pattern will be looked for, and the matching lines and accompanying file names will be displayed.

3 Recursively searching directories

grep -r "pattern" directory

All files in the specified directory and its subdirectories will be searched for the pattern.

4 Without regard to the case:

grep -i "pattern" filename

A case-insensitive search will be conducted using this, disregarding the difference between capital and lowercase letters.

5 Regular expressions usage

grep -E "regex-pattern" filename

By enabling extended regular expressions, more intricate pattern matching is made possible.

These are only a few applications of the grep command. To execute more complex searches and manipulations, it provides a number of arguments and can be used in conjunction with other commands. By running man grep in the terminal, you may see the grep command’s manual page for further information on its usage and its options.

17 echo: Linux comes with a command-line tool called echo that can be used to show a line of text or the value of a variable on the terminal. It can be used interactively at the terminal, although it is typically used for printing messages or showing data within shell scripts.

The echo command can be used in the following ways.

echo [options] [text or variables]

In this case, [options] refers to the numerous command parameters that change how the echo command behaves, and [text or variables] stands for the text or variables whose values you want to display.

The echo command is frequently used for things like:

1 showing one line of text

echo "Hello, world!"

This causes the terminal to print the text that is supplied.

2 Putting a variable’s value on display:

my_var="Hello, world!"
echo $my_var</pre>

This will display “Hello, world!” as the value of the variable my_var.

3 Multiple lines of text displayed:

echo "Line 1"
echo "Line 2"

By doing this, the terminal will print each line of text separately.

4 removing the final newline after a line break:

echo -n "Hello"

The newline character is not displayed at the conclusion when the -n option is used, allowing you to continue on the same line.

These are only a few applications of the echo command. It provides a number of options, like enabling backslash escape interpretation, managing output formatting, and more. If you want full information on the usage and options of the echo command, type man echo into the terminal.

18 .chown  Change the ownership of files and directories in RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) by using the chown command. “Chown” is an acronym for “change owner.” It enables you to change a file or directory’s user and group ownership.

The chown command has the following basic syntax:

chown [OPTIONS] USER[:GROUP] FILE...

The following are the command’s essential elements:

( 1 ) The new owner of the file or directory is specified by USER. A username or a numerical user ID are both acceptable.

( 2 ) Names the new group that will be the owner of the file or directory in GROUP (optional). It might be a group name or a group ID, just like the user.

( 3 ) FILE: Indicates which file or directory the ownership change will affect. Multiple files or folders can be specified, with spaces separating them.

The following are some frequently used chown command options:

( 1 ) Changes ownership recursively, affecting all files and directories inside the specified directory, using the option -R or –recursive.

( 2 ) -v or –verbose: Shows descriptive output that details the modifications the command made.

( 3 ) Similar to the -v option, the -c or –changes option only shows the output for files whose ownership has changed.

Several uses for the chown command are shown below:

1 Changing a file’s owner:

chown john myfile.txt

2 Recursively modify a directory’s owner and group:

chown -R john:users mydir/

3 Multiple files can have their owners and groups changed:

chown user1:group1 file1.txt file2.txt

Keep in mind that administrative privileges are often needed to use the chown command.

19. chmod:  The permissions (access rights) of files and directories can be changed in RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) by using the chmod command. “Chmod” is an acronym meaning “change mode.” You may manage who has access to a file or directory and who can read, write, and execute code.

The chmod command’s basic syntax is as follows:

chmod [OPTIONS] MODE FILE...

( 1 ) The permissions to be set are specified by MODE. It might be formulated numerically or symbolically

( 2 ) The file or directory whose permissions are being altered is specified by the FILE keyword. Multiple files or folders can be specified, separated by spaces.

There are two ways to display the permissions:

1. Symbolic Mode: In the symbolic mode, permissions are represented by letters that both identify the type of permission and the user or group they apply to. The used letters are

( 1 ) g: Group
( 2 ) u: User (owner)
( 3 ) a: All (equivalent to u+g+o)
( 4 ) o: Other (everyone else)

( 1 )  The following letters stand in for the different types of permissions:

(1 ) r: Read
( 2 ) w: Write
( 3 ) x: Execute

( 2 ) The following symbols can be used in symbolic mode to give or revoke permissions:

( 1 ) +: Adds the specified permission
( 2 ) -: Removes the specified permission
( 3 ) =: Sets the specified permission and removes all others

code is written in bash

chmod ug=rw,o=r myfile

2. Numeric Mode: The numeric mode uses a three-digit octal number to denote the permissions. The permissions for the owner, group, and others are each represented by a different numeral. By adding the values for the desired permissions, the digits can be calculated:

( 1 ) Read (r): 4
( 2 ) Write (w): 2
( 3 ) Execute (x): 1

For instance, you may use the following to grant the owner read and write access while granting others only read permission:

code is written in bash

chmod 644 myfile.txt

The following are some frequently used chmod command options:

( 1 ) R or –recursive: Recursively modifies permissions for all files and folders inside the specified directory

( 2 ) -v or –verbose: the command’s modifications are displayed in detail in the output.

( 3 ) -c or –changes: Similar to the -v option, but only shows the output for files with modified permissions.

It’s important to keep in mind that the chmod command often needs administrative rights.

20 umask: For freshly created files and directories in RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux), the umask command is used to specify the default file permissions. The word “umask” is an acronym for “user file creation mask.” It is a four-digit octal number that represents the rights that should be removed from newly created files’ default permissions.

The umask command often has the following syntax:

umask [options] [mask]

Here, [mask] provides the file permission mask you want to configure, and [options] depicts several command arguments that can be used with the umask command. The current umask value is shown if the [mask] option is left out.
An octal four-digit number serves as the representative for the file permission mask. The authorization bits for the owner, group, and others are assigned to each digit, correspondingly. Each digit can have a value between 0 and 7, with 0 denoting full permission (read, write, and execute) and 7 denoting no authorization.

The significance of each digit is broken down below:

( 1 ) The file owner’s (user’s) permissions are represented by the first digit.

( 2 ) The file’s group owner’s permissions are represented by the second digit.

( 3 ) Users who are neither the owner nor a member of the group have their permissions represented by the third digit.

Subtract the chosen digit from 7 to determine the total permit. The default permissions for newly generated files are 644 (666 – 022) and for directories are 755 (777 – 022), for instance, if the umask value is 022.

Note: The default permissions for new files and directories are the only ones that the umask command changes. Existing files and folders’ permissions are not changed by it.

For further information and thorough usage examples unique to your version of RHEL, consult the umask man page (man umask).

 



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